Defaults are examples only. Replace them with real figures for the property you’re considering; Irina can provide rent comparables, HOA dues and insurance quotes.
How the numbers are calculated
- Gross yield = annual rent ÷ price.
- Net operating income (NOI) = rent after vacancy − property tax, insurance, HOA, management and maintenance.
- Cap rate = NOI ÷ price.
- Cash flow = NOI − mortgage payments.
- Cash-on-cash = annual cash flow ÷ (down payment + closing costs).
- DSCR = NOI ÷ annual mortgage payments; many DSCR lenders look for about 1.0–1.25 or higher.
Results exclude income taxes, depreciation, appreciation and currency movements. Exchange rates, when shown, are European Central Bank reference rates via the Frankfurter service and are indicative only. This article is general information, not legal, tax or immigration advice. Tax rules, treaties and exchange rates change. Before you buy, talk to a cross-border tax advisor and a lawyer licensed in the relevant countries. Irina Manets is a licensed real estate sales associate with CENTURY 21 Stein Posner and does not provide tax or legal advice.